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Stress regulation in multiple sclerosis-current issues and conceptsDepartment of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, heesen{at}uke.uni-hamburg.de
Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, VAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience and MS Centre, VUmc, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Psychologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology and Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Neuropsychiatric Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA Since its first description by Charcot, psychological stress has been considered a triggering factor for exacerbations in multiple sclerosis, but until recently the clinical evidence for a causal relation was weak. Over the past years, a growing number of studies have started to elucidate this association and highlight potential mechanisms, including brain-immune communication. On 5 June 2005, a panel of international researchers discussed the current evidence. This article summarizes the observational, animal experimental, as well as human experimental findings on stress regulation in MS, as well as studies on the functioning of the major stress response systems, ie, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomous nervous system (ANS) in MS. Consensus statements from the group to these aspects are given. Research objectives and strategies are delineated, as well as clinical implications.
Key Words: adrenoreceptor autonomous nervous system experimental stress glucocorticoids hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis stressful life events
This version was published on March
1, 2007 Multiple Sclerosis, Vol. 13, No. 2,
143-148 (2007) This article has been cited by other articles:
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