|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
The cytokine storm in multiple sclerosis
Hans Link
Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
MS is associated with a cytokine storm characterized by the parallel upregulation of proinflammatory (IFN-g, TNF-a, and b, and IL-12) and immune response-down-regulating (TGF-b, IL-10) cytokines. Also IL-6 and the cytolytic molecule perforin are upregulated. Even when evaluated in individual MS patients over the disease course, no Th1/Th2 dichotomy is obvious but, instead, upregulation of Th1+Th2+Th3 cytokines simultaneously, probably reflecting the complex pathology of MS in lesion size, time and distribution in the indiviual patient. Few correlations have been observed between cytokines and clinical MS variables, though upregulation of TGF-b seems to correlate with benign course and minor disability. Both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines are also produced by microglia and astrocytes, constituting a CNS-cytokine network that interacts with the cytokine network of the immune system. This complexity is to be kept in mind when searching for cytokine abnormalities in MS.
Key Words: cytokines • perforin • transforming growth factor-beta • cerebrospinal fluid • in situ hybridization • multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis, Vol. 4, No. 1,
12-15 (1998)
DOI: 10.1177/135245859800400104
 CiteULike  Complore  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
N. Nath, M. Khan, M. K. Paintlia, M. N. Hoda, and S. Giri
Metformin Attenuated the Autoimmune Disease of the Central Nervous System in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis
J. Immunol.,
June 15, 2009;
182(12):
8005 - 8014.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Rejdak, A. Petzold, Z. Stelmasiak, and G. Giovannoni
Cerebrospinal fluid brain specific proteins in relation to nitric oxide metabolites during relapse of multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis,
January 1, 2008;
14(1):
59 - 66.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Inglese
Multiple sclerosis: new insights and trends.
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.,
May 1, 2006;
27(5):
954 - 957.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. van den Broek, J. G. Damoiseaux, M. H De Baets, and R. M. Hupperts
The influence of sex hormones on cytokines in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a review
Multiple Sclerosis,
June 1, 2005;
11(3):
349 - 359.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ishizu, M. Osoegawa, F.-J. Mei, H. Kikuchi, M. Tanaka, Y. Takakura, M. Minohara, H. Murai, F. Mihara, T. Taniwaki, et al.
Intrathecal activation of the IL-17/IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis
Brain,
May 1, 2005;
128(5):
988 - 1002.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Ure, T. E. Lane, M. T. Liu, and M. Rodriguez
Neutralization of chemokines RANTES and MIG increases virus antigen expression and spinal cord pathology during Theiler's virus infection
Int. Immunol.,
May 1, 2005;
17(5):
569 - 579.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. van Beek, M. van Meurs, B. A. 't Hart, H. P. M. Brok, J. W. Neal, A. Chatagner, C. L. Harris, N. Omidvar, B. P. Morgan, J. D. Laman, et al.
Decay-Accelerating Factor (CD55) Is Expressed by Neurons in Response to Chronic but Not Acute Autoimmune Central Nervous System Inflammation Associated with Complement Activation
J. Immunol.,
February 15, 2005;
174(4):
2353 - 2365.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-X. Huang, P. Huang, and J. Hillert
Increased expression of caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis,
October 1, 2004;
10(5):
482 - 487.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Feng, T. Misu, K. Fujihara, S. Sakoda, Y. Nakatsuji, H. Fukaura, S. Kikuchi, K. Tashiro, A. Suzumura, N. Ishii, et al.
Ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, regulates Th1/Th2 balance and NKT cell subset in multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis,
October 1, 2004;
10(5):
494 - 498.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Teige, I. Teige, S. Lavasani, R. Bockermann, E. Mondoc, R. Holmdahl, and S. Issazadeh-Navikas
CD1-Dependent Regulation of Chronic Central Nervous System Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
J. Immunol.,
January 1, 2004;
172(1):
186 - 194.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V Ozenci, M Kouwenhoven, and H Link
Cytokines in multiple sclerosis: methodological aspects and pathogenic implications
Multiple Sclerosis,
October 1, 2002;
8(5):
396 - 404.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-S. Zhu and J. P.-Y. Ting
A 36-Amino-Acid Region of CIITA Is an Effective Inhibitor of CBP: Novel Mechanism of Gamma Interferon-Mediated Suppression of Collagen {alpha}2(I) and Other Promoters
Mol. Cell. Biol.,
October 15, 2001;
21(20):
7078 - 7088.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Skurkovich, A Boiko, I Beliaeva, A Buglak, T Alekseeva, N Smirnova, O Kulakova, V Tchechonin, O Gurova, T Deomina, et al.
Randomized study of antibodies to IFN-g and TNF-a in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis,
October 1, 2001;
7(5):
277 - 284.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H F Petereit, N Richter, R Pukrop, and S Bamborschke
Interferon gamma production in blood lymphocytes correlates with disability score in multiple sclerosis patients
Multiple Sclerosis,
February 1, 2000;
6(1):
19 - 23.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-X. Huang, P. Huang, H. Link, and J. Hillert
Cytokine analysis in multiple sclerosis by competitive RT - PCR: A decreased expression of IL-10 and an increased expression of TNF-{alpha} in chronic progression
Multiple Sclerosis,
October 1, 1999;
5(5):
342 - 348.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
